Poland routes business disputes to specialised divisions under a procedure that rewards thorough early preparation.
Which court has jurisdiction
For cross-border claims, Brussels Ia generally points to the courts of the defendant company’s seat, with special contract/tort rules and effect given to jurisdiction clauses.
Commercial divisions and the separate procedure
Disputes between businesses are heard by dedicated commercial divisions (sądy gospodarcze). A separate commercial procedure, reintroduced in 2020, applies stricter rules — notably tight deadlines and evidence-preclusion, so claims and defences must be fully marshalled early.
Courts by value and how a claim starts
Cases go to the district (rejonowy) or regional (okręgowy) court depending on value, and begin with a written statement of claim (pozew).
Costs
Court fees are value-based, and the losing party generally reimburses costs within statutory limits.
For foreign claimants
The evidence-preclusion rules make early strategy essential. A verified Polish colleague can confirm jurisdiction and file a complete pozew.
The commercial procedure has changed recently — confirm with admitted Polish counsel.