EU and EEA nationals work freely in Belgium; non-EU nationals usually need a permit, and Belgium’s federal structure shapes how it is granted.
The single permit — split competence
For stays over 90 days, the single permit combines work and residence in one application. Distinctively, work authorisation is decided by the region (Flanders, Wallonia or the Brussels-Capital Region), each with its own rules and shortage lists, while residence is handled federally.
EU Blue Card
Highly qualified workers can use the EU Blue Card, also processed through the regional/federal split.
The professional card
Non-EU nationals who want to be self-employed generally need a professional card, again granted at regional level.
For employers and individuals
Picking the right region and category is the first decision. A verified Belgian colleague can identify the competent region and lodge the single-permit application.
Regional rules change — confirm with admitted Belgian counsel.